From the Outside
Lead-free hunting The toxicity of lead has been known for at least 2000 years. Being easy to extract from nature and mold into a variety of vessels, it came into widespread use early in the Age of Antiquity and long resulted in the poisoning and wide-ranging health problems that likely even contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. Lead water pipes, lead drinking cups, lead wine containers… It continues to pop up as a health issue today (again, lead water pipes), even as we have eliminated it from gasoline and new paint. And we hunters have a long history with it, the ideal substance for projectiles since the advent of firearms. The federal government started prohibiting the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting in the mid-1980s, and by 1991 it was prohibited on all land and waters within the United States. Many states enacted additional restrictions; Minnesota also requires non-toxic shot for upland game birds on national wildlife refuges and waterfowl production areas—a really good idea, considering the amount of shooting that occurs in those places. The replacement shot shells used steel pellets, which after some engineering and shooting adjustments due to its harder, lighter properties, has become very effective. The reasoning behind the move from lead shot was that the huge amount of lead accumulating on the bottoms of wetlands was being incidentally consumed by diving ducks as they were feeding and ended up in their gizzards with the grit that aids digestion—killing an estimated two million of them every year from lead poisoning. In addition, secondary exposure to lead was killing eagles, vultures, and other scavengers as they fed on lost and injured waterfowl and other game birds.